In enforcement proceedings, the debtor’s declaration of assets does not cover only traditional assets such as a house, a vehicle, a bank account or immovable property. The debtor must declare all assets, receivables and rights of economic value that may be subject to attachment, as well as their income and how they intend to repay...

With regard to crypto-assets, interim legal protection yields different outcomes depending on where the asset is held. If a crypto asset is held in custody by a Turkish crypto asset service provider, the court or enforcement authority may have access to the platform. If the asset is held in a non-custodial wallet, there may be...

The platform’s insolvency highlights the distinction between the customer’s economic right to a crypto asset and where and how that asset is technically held. Under Turkish law, the fundamental safeguard is that client assets must be kept separate from the crypto-asset service provider’s own assets, and records must be maintained in a manner that reflects...

There is no single party responsible for the attachment of a crypto asset. The responsible party varies depending on the custody model under which the asset is held: If the asset is held with a crypto-asset service provider or exchange, the party responsible is the relevant platform and, where necessary, the authorised custodian. If the...